Model of Stress:

Model of Stress:

1. Potential sources of stress
1. Environment
2. Organization
3. Individual
2. Individual differences
3. Experienced Stress
4. Consequences:
1. Physiological
2. Psychological
3. Behavioral

 Potential Sources of stress:

• Environmental Factors:
• Economic uncertainties
• Political uncertainties
• Technological uncertainties (employees’ skills and experience obsolete very short)
• Terrorism
• Organization Factors:
• Pressure to avoid errors
• Complete tasks in time limits
• Work over-loads, unpleasant coworkers
• A demanding and in-sensitive boss
• Individual Factors:
• Family problems
• Inherent personality characteristics
• Marital difficulties
• Breaking of relationships
• Economic problems (poor money managers)

Individual Differences:

Individual differences variable moderate the relationship between potential stress and experienced stress. Six variable:

• Perception
• Job Experience
• Social Support
• Belief in locus of control
• Self- efficacy (efficiency, value)
• Hostility (unfriendliness, aggression )

Consequences of stress:

• Physiological: headaches, blood pressure, heart disease
• Psychological: anxiety, depression, low job satisfaction.
• Behavioral symptoms: Productivity, turnover, absenteeism

Inverted – U relationship between stress and job performance:

• The logic underlying the inverted-U is that low to moderate level of stress stimulates the body and increase its ability to react.
• Individual then often perform their task better, more intensity , or rapidly.
• But too much stress places unattainable demands or constraints on a person, which result in lower performance.
• Relation between stress and time:
• Even moderate level of stress can have a negative influence on performance over the long time as the continued intensity of the stress wears down the individual and saps (health, energies) his or her energy resources.

 (Ref: Organization Behavior - S.P.Robbins)