Personality Theories:
- What is personality?
- What does personality constitute?
- How behavior is govern by personality?
- Psychoanalytic , Socio-psychology, trait theory, self-theory
Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
- Notion that man is motivated more by unseen forces than he is controlled by conscious and rational thoughts.
- Behavior could not be always be consciously explained.
- Major motivation forces in man was unconscious framework
- This framework contains three aspects: (though interrelated but often conflicting)
- These are id, ego and super ego.
The ID:
- Source of psychic energy
- Seeks immediate gratification (satisfaction, fulfillment, delight, pleasure) for biological needs or instinctual needs.
- Instincts: Hunger, thirst, sex
- The energy involved in their activity is libido ( psycho drive associated with sexual desire)
- As an individual matures, he learn to control the id.
- Instincts are driving forces, important source of behavior and thinking.
The Ego:
- The conscious and logical part of the human personality and it is associated with reality principle
- Id represents the unconscious part, ego is conscious part
- Ego keeps the id in check through the realities of external environment through intellect and reasons
- Id wants immediate pleasure, while ego dictates denial or postponement to a more appropriate time or place (conflicting situation)
- To resolve the conflict, the ego gets support from the super ego.
The Super ego:
- Represents the social and personal norms and serves as an ethical constraint on behavior
- Super ego= conscience= sense of right and wrong
- Super ego is developed by cultural, social and religious values
- Theoretical concept, not behavioral science
- Idea about unconscious motivation
Socio- psychological theory:
- Recognizes the interdependence of the individual and society
- The individual strive to meet the needs of society
- Society helps the individual to attain(reach, achieve) his goals
- Adler, Horney, Fromm, Sullivan
- Socio-psychological theory differs from psychoanalytic in two respects:
- Social variables, not the biological instincts
- Second: behavior motivation is conscious; man knows his needs and wants and his behavior is directed to meet these needs
- Horney’s Model: suggests that human behavior results from three predominant interpersonal orientations: Compliant, Aggressive, and detached.
- Compliant: people are dependent on other people and move towards others.
- Aggressive: people are motivated by the need for power and move against others.
- Detached : people are self- sufficient and move away from others.
Trait theory: (Allport and Cattel)
- Quantitative approach to the study of personality
- Personality in composed of definite pre-dispositional (natural tendency, temperament) attributes called traits
- Traits can be considered as individual variable. Trait differ from one another.
- Traits: wise-foolish, affectionate, cold, sociable, seclude( isolated)
- Three basic assumptions of this theory:
- Traits are common to many individuals and vary in absolute amounts between individuals
- Traits are relatively stable, and exert fairly universal effects on behavior regardless of environment situation
- Traits can be inferred (conclude) from the measurement of behavioral indicators.
Self-theory:
- Also termed as Field theory
- Carl Rogers, Maslow, Herzberg
- Emphasis the totaling and inter-relatedness of all behaviors
- There are four factors in self-concept:
- Self-image: the way one see one self.
- Certain beliefs about who he is?
- What he is? (Reality)
- Ideal Self: the way one would like to be
- Ideal position as perceived by him
- Stimulus
- Looking glass self:
- Perception of a person about how others are perceiving his qualities and characteristics
- Perception of other’s perception
- Real self: what one real is?
- The first three are individual’s perception about himself
- It may be same as real
- In individual’s self-image is confirmed when other persons responses to him indicate their beliefs about who and what he corresponds with.
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